Gramàtica Anglesa: Temps Verbals, Passiva, Modals i Condicionals

Temps verbals

Present simple: I drink tea for breakfast. Do you drink tea for breakfast? I don't drink tea for breakfast.

Present continuous: I am explaining the verbal tenses (estoy explicando). Are you explaining...? I am not explaining...

Present perfect: I have drunk a lot of milk (yo he bebido). Have you drunk...? I haven't drunk...

Past simple: I drank... (+ed en verbs regulars). Did you drink...? I didn't drink...

Past continuous: I was explaining the verbal tenses (estaba explicando). Were you explaining...? I wasn't explaining...

Past perfect: I had drunk a beer before (había bebido). Had you drunk...? I hadn't drunk...

Future simple: I will drink (yo beberé). Will you drink...? I won't drink...

Veu passiva

Estructura: to be + participi + by (el subjecte és qui realitza l'acció, introduït per by).

• Present simple: are loved
• Past simple: were loved
• Future simple: will be loved
• Present continuous: are being loved
• Past continuous: were being loved
• Modals: modal + be + participi (e.g. must be loved)

El complement directe (CD) passa a ser el subjecte de l'oració. Exemples: study → are studied / was studied / will be studied / is being studied / has been studied / had been studied / must have been studied / has to be studied / is going to be studied.

Verbs modals

• Can (poder, saber): I can speak five languages.
• Could (podria, sabia): She could read when she was five.
• May (pot ser, probabilitat moderada): She may help me.
• Might (podria, probabilitat baixa): He might be at home.
• Must (obligació, deure): You must arrive on time.
• Mustn't (prohibició): You mustn't smoke here.
• Had to / didn't have to (vaig haver de / no vaig haver de): I had to work on Sunday.
• Should / ought to (deuria, recomanació): You should eat more fruit.
• Need / needn't (necessitar / no fa falta): You needn't go to the shop.
• Be able to (ser capaç de): You will be able to get tickets if you arrive early.

Després d'un modal, el verb va en infinitiu sense to.

Oracions relatives

• Who: qui, que (només persones)
• Which: que (només coses)
• That: qui, que (persones o coses)
• Whose: del qual, de la qual (indica possessió)
• When: quan (temps)
• Where: on (lloc)
• Whom: a qui (complement)

Oracions condicionals

• Tipus 0 / 1 (realitat): If + present simple, will + infinitiu. If you go to the theatre, you will see J. Carles.
• Tipus 2 (poc probable): If + past simple, would + infinitiu. If I won the lottery, I would travel to the Alps.
• Tipus 3 (impossible): If + past perfect, would have + participi. If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.

Vocabulari útil

Want (voler), Wait (esperar), As (com), Kind (amable), Come (venir), There is (hi ha), For (per a), At (a/en), About (sobre), Of (de), With (amb), To (cap a), Everything (tot), Regards (referir-se), Give (donar), Say (dir), Understand (entendre), Learn (aprendre), Stay (estada), Meet (complir), Forget (oblidar), Try (provar), Both (ambdós), Develop (desenvolupar), Begin (començar), So that (perquè), Unwilling (no disposat), Realise (adonar-se), Change (canviar), Ask (sortir), Be likely (ser probable), Rely on (confiar en), Get used to (acostumar-se), Be used to (estar acostumat), Although (encara que), Yet (encara).

Estil indirecte (Reported speech)

• Afirmacions (to say / to tell): He said that Valdés was the best goalkeeper.
• Preguntes (to ask, to want to know, to wonder + if): He asked me if I had 50€.
• Ordres (to order, to warn): He ordered me to stop smoking.
• Suggeriments (to suggest, to advise): He suggested having dinner together.

Regla general: el present passa a passat i el passat passa a past perfect. Els modals canvien: can → could, may → might, must → had to, will → would.

Canvis d'expressions temporals: now → then, today → that day, yesterday → the day before, tomorrow → the next day, here → there, this → that, these → those.

Exemples: Will you marry me? → She asked me if I would marry her. I think I must go to the toilet now → She said that she thought she must go to the toilet then.

Redacció: connectors i exemple

Connectors utilitzats: therefore (per tant), however (tanmateix), first of all (en primer lloc), in addition (a més), secondly (en segon lloc), so (així que), as a result (com a resultat), in conclusion (en conclusió), personally (personalment), I strongly believe (crec fermament).

If I won the lottery and got a lot of money, I would travel a lot. Therefore, I would buy a private airplane. However rich I am, I wouldn't forget my friends, so I would invite the good ones to travel with me.

I would also do many different things. First of all, I would make a donation to an NGO. In addition, I would create a place for homeless people. Secondly, I want a house in Hawaii, so I would buy one right in front of the sea. As a result, I would live there.

In conclusion, I would do many great things if I had money, and I would help people who need it because personally I think it would make me feel very good. I strongly believe I would use all the money in a good way.