Quina és la diferència entre el segon i el tercer condicional?

El segon condicional (if + past simple, would + verb base) parla de situacions hipotètiques en present o futur. El tercer condicional (if + had + participi, would + have + participi) fa referència a situacions hipotètiques del passat que no van succeir.

Quan s'utilitza whom en lloc de who?

Whom s'utilitza només darrere d'una preposició per referir-se a persones, com a la frase 'the salesperson about whom you complained'. A la forma informal es col·loca la preposició al final i s'usa normalment who o es deixa directament.

Gramàtica anglesa: temps perfectes, veu passiva, condicionals i oracions de relatiu

Resum

Aquest document repassa diversos punts de gramàtica anglesa: els temps perfectes (present i past perfect, simple i continu), la veu passiva i les estructures causatives, els condicionals de primer, segon i tercer tipus amb les oracions desideratives (wish i if only) i les oracions de relatiu definides i no definides. Inclou estructures, exemples i regles d'ús per a cada punt.

Punts clau

El present perfect simple es forma amb have/has + participi i el continu amb have/has been + verb en -ing.
En la veu passiva, el verb auxiliar es transforma segons el temps, per exemple: Are selling → Are being sold.
Les estructures causatives es formen amb have/get (o had/got) + objecte + participi, i indiquen que encarreguem alguna cosa a algú.
El primer condicional usa if + present simple i will; el segon usa if + past simple i would; el tercer usa if + past perfect i would/could/might + have + participi.
Wish/If only + past simple expressa desigs en present, mentre que wish/if only + past perfect expressa penediments en passat.
S'usa which per a coses i whom per a persones darrere d'una preposició; en la forma informal la preposició va al final de la frase.

Posa't a prova

Temps Verbals Perfectes

Present Perfect Simple

Estructura: Subjecte + have/has + verb en participi (o acabat en -ed).

Interrogativa: Have/has + subjecte + verb en participi? (Ex: Have you talked?)

Present Perfect Continuous

Estructura: Subjecte + have/has been + verb en -ing.

Interrogativa: Have/has + subjecte + been + verb en -ing?

Past Perfect Simple

Estructura: Subjecte + had + verb en participi (o acabat en -ed).

Interrogativa: Had + subjecte + verb en participi o -ed?

Past Perfect Continuous

Estructura: Subjecte + had been + verb en -ing.

Interrogativa: Had + subjecte + been + verb en -ing?

Veu Passiva i Causatives

La Veu Passiva

Exemple: Many people sell wanted gifts → Wanted gifts are sold by many people.

Are selling → Are being sold
Sold → Were sold
Will sell → Will be sold
Have sold → Have been sold
Can sell → Can be sold
Were selling → Were being sold
Had sold → Had been sold
Must have sold → Must have been sold
Have to sell → Have to be sold
Are going to sell → Are going to be sold

Estructures Causatives

S'utilitza quan encarreguem alguna cosa a algú.

Estructura: Subjecte + have/get (o had/got) + objecte + verb en participi.

Exemples:

I had my bedroom painted.
I'm going to have/get my hair cut next week.

Oracions Condicionals i Desideratives

Primer Tipus (First Conditional)

Estructura: If + subjecte + present simple + complement, subjecte + will + verb base + complement.

Exemple: If I feel better later, we will go shopping.

Segon Tipus (Second Conditional)

Estructura: If + subjecte + past simple + complement, subjecte + would + verb base + complement.

Tercer Tipus (Third Conditional)

Estructura: If + subjecte + had + verb participi + complement, subjecte + would / could / might + have + verb participi + complement.

Oracions Desideratives (Wish / If Only)

Wish / If only + past simple: S'utilitza per a desigs en present. (Ex: He wishes his house were bigger / If only I lived near).
Wish / If only + past perfect: S'utilitza per a penediments en passat. (Ex: Pam wishes she and Tom hadn't broken up / If only Sarah had arrived earlier).
Wish / If only + could / would + verb base: S'utilitza per a peticions o desigs de canvi. (Ex: I wish I could improve my marks / If only he would call me).

Oracions de Relatiu (Relative Clauses)

Defining Relative Clauses (Explicatives)

Sense elles, la frase queda incompleta. Utilitzen: who, which, whose, where, when, whom (només darrere de preposicions).

Non-defining Relative Clauses (No explicatives)

Afegeixen informació extra i solen anar entre comes. Si la frase va al final, només se separa per una coma. Mai s'utilitzen amb that o whom.

Estructura Formal

S'utilitza whom per a les persones i la preposició amb el seu relatiu passa al centre.

I eventually got the letter. I had been waiting for it for weeks → I eventually got the letter for which I had been waiting for weeks.
I have spoken to the salesperson. You complained about her → I have spoken to the salesperson about whom you complained.

Estructura Informal

El relatiu es col·loca al mig, s'omet el pronom personal i, normalment, la preposició va al final.

... which I had been waiting for for weeks.
... whom you complained about.

He is a famous scientist. I would love to work with him → He is a famous scientist whom I would love to work with.

Regla general: S'usa which si li precedeix una cosa, i whom si li precedeix una persona.